1. 
   
   2
   Observe his ability to compromise. If your boyfriend respects you, he'll initiate compromises even though you haven't asked him to. Whether he compromises on little things, like going to see a movie he doesn't care for because he knows you'll like it, or bigger issues, compromise is an important sign that your boyfriend really loves you

   • True compromise doesn't mean "I'll do this for you, if you do this for me." It's not a negotiation.
   • Does he insist on being right on a disagreement of opinion? Or is he okay with letting you have the last word?
2. 
   
   3
   Notice where your boyfriend touches you. Most people in love have a need to touch the object of their attention, even without sexual activity. Does he seem interested in touching you? Does he feel interested in you when he's touching you? Public touches are a public display of affection, and demonstrate to the world that the person cares for you.

   • If you're not sure how he feels when he touches you, check with your own feelings. Are you feeling loved? Or are you feeling like he's trying to "stake a claim" by touching you in public?, or if he's from a culture where public touching isn't acceptable, he may love you and yet rarely touch you.
   • When a man touches a woman's face, this is often a sign that he wants to be closer to her.

   Including you in his family life may be difficult at first, especially if his relationship with his family is unsettled or rocky.

3. If he treats you differently around his family and friends, ask him why this is. If he's really in love with you, he'll be proud of you no matter what company you're in.

4. Doing things because someone else wants to is an action of generosity. If he insists on your doing something for him, because he did something you enjoy, this isn't generous. It's a form of manipulation.
5. A man who really loves you will pay attention to what you like and dislike. He'll try to make sure you're happy, because your happiness matters to him.

Why We Love Harry Potter Book Review And Summary 

lives with his abusive and neglectful uncle and aunt, Vernon and Petunia Dursley, and their bullying son, Dudley. On Harry's eleventh birthday, Rubeus Hagrid, a half-giant, delivers an acceptance letter from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, revealing that Harry's parents, James and Lily Potter, were wizards. When Harry was just a year old, a powerful but malevolent dark wizard named Lord Voldemort murdered his parents; Harry survived Voldemort's killing curse that rebounded and seemingly destroyed the Dark Lord, leaving a lightning bolt-shaped scar on Harry's forehead. Unknown to Harry, this act made him famous in the wizarding world.

Hagrid escorts Harry to Diagon Alley, the hidden wizard commerce and retail section in London. Harry's parents have left him a fortune kept in Gringotts Wizarding Bank, which he uses to buy school supplies and a wand from Ollivander's. The cores of Harry and Lord Voldemort's wands have feathers from the same phoenix bird, making them "brothers". Hagrid gifts Harry an owl, whom he names as Hedwig, as a birthday present. A month later, Harry boards the Hogwarts Express at King's Cross railway station's secret Platform 9+3⁄4. En route to Hogwarts, Harry befriends fellow first year Ron Weasley and meets Hermione Granger, whom the two boys initially dislike.

Harry runs afoul of Draco Malfoy, the spoiled son of a prominent wizard. At Hogwarts, a magical Sorting Hat sorts the first years among four school Houses (Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin) that best suit their personalities and talents. Draco joins Slytherin, known for producing dark wizards, while Harry, Ron, and Hermione are sorted into Gryffindor.

Harry's broomstick flying ability earns him a place on the Gryffindor Quidditch team as the Seeker. Harry comes to dislike Potions master Severus Snape, who favours Slytherin while seeking to fail Harry. Malfoy tricks Harry and Ron into risking expulsion by leaving their common room after curfew. Hermione, unable to stop them, tags along. Realising Malfoy's ruse, they hide in a forbidden corridor and discover a gigantic three-headed dog guarding a trapdoor. Harry and Ron later save Hermione from a troll during a Halloween celebration and the three become best friends. Coupled with Snape's recent leg injury and suspicious behaviour, Harry, Ron, and Hermione believe he is attempting to enter the trapdoor.

During Harry's first Quidditch match, his broomstick attempts to buck him off. Snape's strange behaviour during the match convinces Hermione he jinxed Harry's broom. Harry receives

an anonymous Christmas gift – his father's invisibility cloak. Using it to explore the school, he discovers the Mirror of Erised, which shows what the viewer most desires. Harry sees his parents.

A newspaper report later describes an attempted robbery at the same vault in Gringotts from which Hagrid retrieved an item for Hogwarts' headmaster Albus Dumbledore on the same day. The object beneath the trapdoor is the philosopher's stone, which grants its user immortality and the ability to turn any metal into pure gold. Firenze, a forest centaur, warns Harry that Voldemort is plotting to steal the stone to restore his body. When Dumbledore is lured from Hogwarts under false pretences, Harry, Hermione, and Ron fear the theft is imminent and descend through the trapdoor.

Various obstacles force Ron and Hermione to remain behind while Harry proceeds. Harry encounters Professor Quirrell, the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. He jinxed Harry's broom and let the troll into the school; Snape was protecting Harry. Voldemort, whose face has regrown on the back of Quirrell's head, is revealed to be the professor's secret master. Harry is forced to stand before the Mirror of Erised. It recognises Harry's lack of greed for the stone and deposits it into his pocket. Quirrell attempts to seize the stone, but his flesh burns upon contact with Harry. Harry's scar begins hurting, and he passes out.

Harry awakens in the school's infirmary. He survived Voldemort because his mother sacrificing her life for him left a magical protective charm. Quirrell's hatred and greed caused him to burn upon contact with Harry; Voldemort abandoned him to die. Dumbledore reveals he sent Harry the invisibility cloak, while the philosopher's stone, that had been keeping the long-lived Nicolas Flamel alive, has been destroyed with Flamel's consent to prevent its being stolen. During the school's year-end feast, Gryffindor is awarded the House Cup. Harry returns to the Dursleys at Privet Drive until the next school year.

In 1997 the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11-year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[21] The Smarties award, which is voted for by children, made the book well known within six months of publication, while most children's books have to wait for years.[14] The following year, Philosopher's Stone won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children.[14][b] It was also shortlisted for children's books awards adjudicated by adults,[22] but did not win. Sandra Beckett commented that books that were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards – for example, the literary establishment disdained the works of Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling's books.[23] In 2003, the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[24]

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit, the British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year and the Booksellers' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year.[14] By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies[25] and the story was still the UK's best-selling title in December 2001.[26] A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press.[27]

Platform 9+3⁄4, from which the Hogwarts Express left London, was commemorated in the real-life King's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall.

 Charles III

Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.[note 2]

Charles III

Charles was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and became heir apparent when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, acceded to the throne in 1952. He was created Prince of Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at Cheam School and Gordonstoun, and later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After completing a history degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer. They had two sons, William and Harry. Charles and Diana divorced in 1996, after they had each engaged in well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash the following year. In 2005, Charles married his long-term partner, Camilla Parker Bowles.

As heir apparent, Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of his mother. He founded the Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsored the Prince's Charities, and became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations. He advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of architecture in society. In that vein, he generated the experimental new town of Poundbury. An environmentalist, Charles supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him awards and recognition as well as criticism; he is also a prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food, while his support for alternative medicine has been criticised. He has authored or co-authored 17 books.

Charles became king upon his mother's death in 2022. At the age of 73, he was the oldest person to accede to the British throne, after having been the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales in British history. Significant events in his reign have included his coronation in 2023 and his cancer diagnosis the following year, the latter of which temporarily suspended planned public engagements.

Since his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king

LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton (French: [mɔɛt‿ɛnɛsi lwi vɥitɔ̃]),[1] commonly known as LVMH, is a French[7] multinational holding and conglomerate specializing in luxury goods, headquartered in Paris.[8] The company was formed in 1987 through the merger of fashion house Louis Vuitton (founded in 1854) with Moët Hennessy, which was established following the 1971 merger between the champagne producer Moët & Chandon (founded in 1743) and the cognac producer Hennessy (founded in 1765).In April 2023, LVMH became the first European company to surpass a valuation of $500 billion.[12] In 2023, the company was ranked 47th in the Forbes Global 2000.

LVMH controls around 60 subsidiaries that manage 75 luxury brands. In addition to Louis Vuitton and Moët Hennessy, LVMH's portfolio includes Tiffany, Christian Dior, Fendi, Givenchy, Marc Jacobs, Stella McCartney, Loewe, Loro Piana, Kenzo, Celine, Sephora, Princess Yachts, TAG Heuer, and Bulgari. The subsidiaries are often managed independently, under the umbrellas of six branches: Fashion Group, Wines and Spirits, Perfumes and Cosmetics, Watches and Jewelry, Selective Distribution, and Other Activities. LVMH owns Les Echos-Le Parisien Group, its media subsidiary. The wine estate Château d'Yquem, whose origins date back to 1593, is under LVMH ownership.[14] Bernard Arnault is the founder, chairman, CEO and largest shareholder of LVMH, making him the world’s richest person as of 2024.

Why We Love London 

The City of London, widely referred to simply as the City, is a city, ceremonial county and local government district[note 1] that contains the ancient centre, and constitutes, along with Canary Wharf, the primary central business district (CBD) of London and one of the leading financial centres of the world.[2] It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the modern area referred to as London has since grown far beyond the City of London boundary.[3][4] The City is now only a small part of the metropolis of Greater London, though it remains a notable part of central London. The City of London is not one of the London boroughs, a status reserved for the other 32 districts (including Greater London's only other city, the City of Westminster). It is also a separate ceremonial county, being an enclave surrounded by Greater London, and is the smallest ceremonial county in England.

The City of London is known colloquially as the Square Mile, as it is 1.12 sq mi (716.80 acres; 2.90 km2)[5] in area. Both the terms the City and the Square Mile are often used as metonyms for the UK's trading and financial services industries, which continue a notable history of being largely based in the City.[6] The name London is now ordinarily used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 Greater London boroughs, in addition to the City of London itself.

The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council, such as being the police authority. It is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries, e.g. Hampstead Heath.[7] The corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London (an office separate from, and much older than, the Mayor of London). The Lord Mayor, as of November 2023, is Michael Mainelli.[8] The City is made up of 25 wards, with administration at the historic Guildhall. Other historic sites include St Paul's Cathedral, Royal Exchange, Mansion House, Old Bailey, and Smithfield Market. Although not within the City, the adjacent Tower of London, built to dominate the City, is part of its old defensive perimeter. The City has responsibility for five bridges across the Thames in its capacity as trustee of the Bridge House Estates: Blackfriars Bridge, Millennium Bridge, Southwark Bridge, London Bridge and Tower Bridge.

The City is a major business and financial centre,[9] with both the Bank of England and the London Stock Exchange based in the City. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the world's primary business centre, and it continues to be a major meeting point for businesses.[10] London came second (after New York) in the Global Financial Centres Index, published in 2022. The insurance industry is located in the eastern side of the city, around Lloyd's building. Since about the 1980s, a secondary financial district has existed outside the city, at Canary Wharf, 2.5 miles (4 km) to the east. The legal profession forms a major component of the northern and western sides of the City, especially in the Temple and Chancery Lane areas where the Inns of Court are located, of which two—Inner Temple and Middle Temple—fall within the City of London boundary.

The City has a resident population of 8,583 based on 2021 census figures,[11][12] but over 500,000 are employed there (as of 2019)[13] and some estimates put the number of workers in the City to be over 1 million. About three-quarters of the jobs in the City of London are in the financial, professional, and associated business services sectors.[14]

The Roman legions established a settlement known as "Londinium" on the current site of the City of London around AD 43. Its bridge over the River Thames turned the city into a road nexus and major port, serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century. Archaeologist Leslie Wallace notes that, because extensive archaeological excavation has not revealed any signs of a significant pre-Roman presence, "arguments for a purely Roman foundation of London are now common and uncontroversial."]

At its height, the Roman city had a population of approximately 45,000–60,000 inhabitants. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city, with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[16] The Romans built the London Wall some time between AD 190 and 225. The boundaries of the Roman city were similar to those of the City of London today, though the City extends further west than Londinium's Ludgate, and the Thames was undredged and thus wider than it is today, with Londinium's shoreline slightly north of the city's present shoreline. The Romans built a bridge across the river, as early as AD 50, near to today's London Bridge.

Historic buildings
edit
Fire, bombing and post-World War II redevelopment have meant that the city, despite its history, has fewer intact historic structures than one might expect. Nonetheless, there remain many dozens of (mostly Victorian and Edwardian) fine buildings, typically in historicist and neoclassical style. They include the Monument to the Great Fire of London ("the Monument"), St Paul's Cathedral, the Guildhall, the Royal Exchange, Dr. Johnson's House, Mansion House and a great many churches, many designed by Sir Christopher Wren, who also designed St Paul's.

Prince Henry's Room and 2 King's Bench Walk are notable historic survivors of heavy bombing of the Temple area, which has largely been rebuilt to its historic form. Another example of a bomb-damaged place having been restored is Staple Inn on Holborn. A few small sections of the Roman London Wall exist, for example near the Tower of London and in the Barbican area. Among the twentieth-century listed buildings are Bracken House, the first post World War II buildings in the country to be given statutory protection, and the whole of the Barbican and Golden Lane Estate.

The Tower of London is not in the city, but is a notable visitor attraction which brings tourists to the southeast of the city. Other landmark buildings with historical significance include the Bank of England, the Old Bailey, the Custom House, Smithfield Market, Leadenhall Market and St Bartholomew's Hospital. Noteworthy contemporary buildings include a number of modern high-rise buildings (see section below) as well as the Lloyd's building.

It End With Us Book Review 

College graduate Lily Bloom moves to Boston with hopes of opening her own floral shop. She has recently given a eulogy at her father's funeral in her hometown of Plethora, Maine. Her father abused her mother, who kept the abuse a secret, leading Lily to resent both of them.

Lily reads through her old childhood diaries and remembers her first love Atlas Corrigan, who left to join the military, but promised to return to her. While wrestling with her feelings for Atlas, she meets neurosurgeon Ryle Kincaid. They are mutually attracted to one another, but do not pursue a relationship as Lily is looking for commitment while Ryle is only interested in casual sex. However, once Lily successfully starts her business, they continue to meet, and eventually begin a relationship.

One night, Lily laughs when Ryle accidentally drops a casserole, and he angrily pushes her before frantically apologizing. Lily is reminded of her father's treatment of her mother; while horrified, she decides they are different from her parents and accepts his apologies, but warns him that she will leave if he hurts her again.

While dining at a restaurant where Atlas works, Lily reconnects with him, making Ryle instantly jealous despite her insistence that Atlas is only a friend. Suspecting that Ryle may be abusing Lily after noticing her injuries, Atlas secretly gives her his phone number.

One night, Lily and Ryle impulsively get married in Vegas, and have a stable marriage until he finds Atlas' number and pushes her down the stairs. He then confesses that he accidentally shot and killed his brother Emerson as a child, resulting in trauma that causes him to have rage-filled episodes. Lily forgives him, but he later finds and reads her childhood diaries; believing she is having an affair with Atlas, he attempts to rape her, knocking her unconscious when she tries to defend herself.

Lily wakes up, escapes the house, and calls Atlas. He takes her to the hospital, where she discovers she is pregnant with Ryle's child, which she opts to keep a secret from him. She stays with Atlas for a few days while Ryle leaves the country for a fellowship, and eventually moves back home while Ryle is still out of the country. Atlas admits he still has feelings for Lily but has suppressed them because of Ryle. Finally understanding what her mother went through, Lily confides in her about the abuse.

When Ryle returns, Lily forms a tentative truce with him and allows him to help her through the final few months of her pregnancy, but remains emotionally distant from him. Lily later gives birth to a daughter, whom she names after Ryle's late brother. After giving birth, Lily realizes she does not want her daughter to grow up witnessing Ryle's aggressive outbursts, and tells him she wants a divorce. He tearfully begs her to reconsider, but finally understands her perspective and agrees to separate after she asks him how he would react if their daughter told him she was being abused by her partner. Lily hopes she has finally ended the cycle of abuse in her family, telling her daughter, "It ends with us."

In the epilogue, Lily, who is co-parenting with Ryle, finds Atlas and tells him that she is ready to restart her relationship with him.

The Bridget  Book Review And Summary 

Why We Eat Breathe And Talk Fashion 

Fashion is a term used interchangeably to describe the creation of clothing, footwear, accessories, cosmetics, and jewellery of different cultural aesthetics and their mix and match into outfits that depict distinctive ways of dressing (styles and trends) as signifiers of social status, self-expression, and group belonging. As a multifaceted term, fashion describes an industry, styles, aesthetics, and trends.

The French word mode, meaning "fashion", dates as far back as 1482, while the English word denoting something "in style" dates only to the 16th century. Other words exist related to concepts of style and appeal that precede mode. In the 12th and 13th century Old French the concept of elegance begins to appear in the context of aristocratic preferences to enhance beauty and display refinement, and cointerie, the idea of making oneself more attractive to others by style or artifice in grooming and dress, appears in a 13th-century poem by Guillaume de Lorris advising men that "handsome clothes and handsome accessories improve a man a great deal".[3]

Fashion scholar Susan B. Kaiser states that everyone is "forced to appear", unmediated before others.[4] Everyone is evaluated by their attire, and evaluation includes the consideration of colors, materials, silhouette, and how garments appear on the body. Garments identical in style and material also appear different depending on the wearer's body shape, or whether the garment has been washed, folded, mended, or is new.

Fashion is defined in a number of different ways, and its application can be sometimes unclear. Though the term fashion connotes difference, as in "the new fashions of the season", it can also connote sameness, for example in reference to "the fashions of the 1960s", implying a general uniformity. Fashion can signify the latest trends, but may often reference fashions of a previous era, leading to the reappearance of fashions from a different time period. While what is fashionable can be defined by a relatively insular, esteemed and often rich aesthetic elite who make a look exclusive, such as fashion houses and haute couturiers, this 'look' is often designed by pulling references from subcultures and social groups who are not considered elite, and are thus excluded from making the distinction of what is fashion themselves.

Whereas a trend often connotes a peculiar aesthetic expression, often lasting shorter than a season and being identifiable by visual extremes, fashion is a distinctive and industry-supported expression traditionally tied to the fashion season and collections.[5] Style is an expression that lasts over many seasons and is often connected to cultural movements and social markers, symbols, class, and culture (such as Baroque and Rococo). According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, fashion connotes "the latest difference."[6]

Even though the terms fashion, clothing and costume are often used together, fashion differs from both. Clothing describes the material and the technical garment, devoid of any social meaning or connections; costume has come to mean fancy dress or masquerade wear. Fashion, by contrast, describes the social and temporal system that influences and "activates" dress as a social signifier in a certain time and context. Philosopher Giorgio Agamben connects fashion to the qualitative Ancient Greek concept of kairos, meaning "the right, critical, or opportune moment", and clothing to the quantitative concept of chronos, the personification of chronological or sequential time.[7]

While some exclusive brands may claim the label haute couture, in France, the term is technically limited to members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture[8] in Paris.[5] Haute couture is more aspirational; inspired by art and culture, and in most cases, reserved for the economic elite. However, New York's fashion calendar hosts Couture Fashion Week, which strives for a more equitable and inclusive mission.[9]

Fashion is also a source of art, allowing people to display their unique tastes, sensibilities, and styles.[10] Different fashion designers are influenced by outside stimuli and reflect this inspiration in their work. For example, Gucci's 'stained green' jeans[11] may look like a grass stain, but to others, they display purity, freshness, and summer.[12]

Fashion is unique, self-fulfilling and may be a key part of someone's identity. Similarly to art, the aims of a person's choices in fashion are not necessarily to be liked by everyone, but instead to be an expression of personal taste.[10] A person's personal style functions as a "societal formation always combining two opposite principles. It is a socially acceptable and secure way to distinguish oneself from others and, at the same time, it satisfies the individual's need for social adaptation and imitation."[13] While philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that fashion "has nothing to do with genuine judgements of taste", and was instead "a case of unreflected and 'blind' imitation",[13] sociologist Georg Simmel[14] thought of fashion as something that "helped overcome the distance between an individual and his society".[13]

The Duke And I Book Review 

In 1813, Simon Basset, Duke of Hastings, returns to London after a long period away from home. Unbeknownst to the rest of society, Simon was severely neglected by his father due to a severe stutter that plagued him as a child. Simon has developed a reputation as being haughty and arrogant due to his long silences to cover his stutter.

Going to meet his godmother, Lady Danbury, Simon discovers a young woman being harassed by an overly-pushy suitor. Before he can rescue the young lady she punches out the suitor. Simon becomes attracted to the young woman until he learns she is Daphne Bridgerton, the sister of his friend Anthony Bridgerton. Both Anthony and Daphne have been pushed onto the marriage mart by their mother Violet and both find their prospects dull.

Simon quickly finds that as a handsome, wealthy and unmarried duke he is considered an extremely eligible bachelor. As Daphne is the only reasonable woman whose company he can bear, he offers to pretend to court her so that other men will see her as attractive and so that enterprising mothers will think he is spoken for and leave him alone. Anthony disapproves of the courtship between Simon and Daphne even after learning that it is fake. He nevertheless allows it to continue as he realizes Daphne is being courted by more suitors than ever before.

Daphne and Simon each begin to fall in love with each other during their fake courtship. At a ball Daphne tries to seduce Simon luring him out to the garden where they kiss. They are discovered by Anthony who demands Simon marry Daphne after he has compromised her. After Simon refuses Anthony challenges him to a duel. Knowing that Simon will probably die, Daphne intervenes and pleads with Simon to marry her so her honour will be protected. Simon reluctantly agrees to marry her, but warns that he can never have children.

Daphne and Simon are married quickly. Violet tries to explain sexual intercourse to Daphne, who finds the instructions vague and confusing. Because Simon has told her he cannot have children she initially believes he is impotent but they are able to have sex which they both find fulfilling.

For their honeymoon, Simon takes Daphne to the estate where he spent his childhood. The housekeeper tells Daphne about Simon's childhood stutter. Through the housekeeper's vague insinuations Daphne also realizes that Simon has been purposefully preventing her from having children by pulling out as they have sex and is not infertile as she was led to believe. This leads to a rift between the married couple and Daphne decides not to have sex with Simon as long as he does not want to have children.

Depressed, Simon goes out and drinks heavily. Later, after he returns home drunk Daphne has sex with him while he is barely conscious and then, ignoring his feeble protests, forces him to finish inside of her in an effort to become pregnant despite his wishes. Traumatized by this, Simon resumes his childhood stuttering and runs away, informing Daphne to write to him only if she is pregnant. Daphne returns to London.

After two months Daphne writes to Simon to tell him she is pregnant. Simon returns to her and discovers that her period was only delayed. He confesses he misses her and she tells him that even if their child had a stutter she would love their child the same. The two reconcile and decide to start trying for children.

In 1817, after three daughters Daphne finally gives birth to a boy they call David.

A second epilogue, originally written as an online exclusive, later reveals that at 41 Daphne becomes pregnant with a fifth child. She is also visited by her brother Colin and his wife who come to see Simon for advice as they fear their child has a speech impediment. Unsure of what to tell them, Simon opens letters his late father left him and discovers there is nothing of value in them. He burns them and he and Daphne talk of how excited they are to become parents again

The novel was criticized for the inclusion of non-consensual sex between Simon and Daphne which amounted to marital rape.[2][3] It depicts Daphne who wants children, having sex with an inebriated and half-asleep Simon, bearing down on him and not letting him pull out of her when he climaxes despite his objections, and prior declarations that he does not want children.[2]

Daphne felt the strangest, most intoxicating surge of power. He was in her control, she realized. He was asleep, and probably still more than a little bit drunk, and she could do whatever she wanted with him.

She could have whatever she wanted.

A quick glance at his face told her that he was still sleeping…She felt so powerful looming over him…His eyes pinned upon her with a strange, pleading sort of look, and he made a feeble attempt to pull away. Daphne bore down on him with all her might….She planted her hands underneath him, using all of her strength to hold him against her.

— Daphne's perspective before the sexual assault in the novel[4]
Described as one of the toxic plot points of their relationship, it drew further criticism due to the fact that the violation of consent was never addressed as morally wrong in the novel.[4][5] Critics pointed out that it failed to acknowledge the difficulties of male victims of rape, especially since Simon was traumatized after the event.[6][7]

Daphne had aroused him in his sleep, taken advantage of him while he was still slightly intoxicated, and held him to her while he poured his seed into her. This complete loss of speech, this choking, strangling feeling—He had worked his entire life to escape it, and now she had brought it back with a vengeance.

— Simon's perspective after the sexual assault in the novel[4]
Quinn has stated that readers' reactions to the scene have changed since the book's publication in 2000. In a 2021 interview, she said, "Women’s understanding of ourselves and our agency has changed so much. It’s harder for us to identify with Daphne and the fact that, within that marriage and in that society, she has no power. I’m not saying what she did was right. I’m just saying it’s harder for a modern woman to understand it than it was 20 years ago."[8]

The Bridget Jones Book Review And Summary 

Bridget Jones's Diary is a 1996 novel by Helen Fielding. Written in the form of a personal diary, the novel chronicles a year in the life of Bridget Jones, a thirty-something single working woman living in London. She writes about her career, self-image, vices, family, friends, and romantic relationships.

The plot is focused on Bridget's love life. She worries on a regular basis about dying without someone and going on to be eaten by dogs when her singleness causes her death not to be discovered promptly, an obsession that a USA Today reviewer called "one of [Bridget's] more cheerful daydreams".[4] However, during the course of the year she becomes involved in two romantic relationships. The first is with her charming and handsome boss Daniel Cleaver, who eventually cheats on Bridget with a younger, more conventionally attractive woman. Bridget's second relationship is with the stuffy human-rights barrister Mark Darcy, whom she initially dislikes when they are reintroduced at a New Year's party where her mother reminds them they were childhood playmates. These two men are connected by more than their relationships with Bridget, as Fielding reveals near the end of the novel.

Bridget not only obsesses about her love life, but also details her various daily struggles with her weight, her over-indulgence in alcohol and cigarettes, and her career. Bridget's friends and family are the supporting characters in her diary. These friends are there for her unconditionally throughout the novel; they give her advice about her relationships, and support when problems arise. Her friends are essentially her surrogate family in London.

Bridget's parents live outside of the city, and while they play a lesser role than her friends, they are important figures in Bridget's life. Her mother is an overconfident, doting woman who is constantly trying to marry Bridget off to a rich, handsome man; and her father is considerably more down-to-earth, though he is sometimes driven into uncharacteristically unstable states of mind by his wife.

Bridget often visits her parents, as well as her parents' friends, primarily Geoffrey and Una Alconbury; Geoffrey creates a mildly uncomfortable situation for Bridget by insisting she call him "Uncle Geoffrey" despite his propensity for groping her rear end whenever they meet. In these situations, Bridget is often plagued with that perennial question "How's your love life?" and exposed to the eccentricities of middle class British society, manifested in turkey curry buffets and tarts and vicars parties at which the women wear sexually provocative ("tart") costumes, while the men dress as Anglican priests ("vicars").

The History Of Chanel

The House of Chanel chanel.com originated in 1909, when Gabrielle Chanel opened a millinery shop at 160 Boulevard Malesherbes, the ground floor of the Parisian flat of the socialite and textile businessman Étienne Balsan, of whom she was the mistress.[4] Because the Balsan flat also was a salon for the French hunting and sporting élite, Chanel had the opportunity to meet their demi-mondaine mistresses who, as such, were women of fashion, upon whom the rich men displayed their wealth – as ornate clothes, jewellery, and hats.

 

Coco Chanel thus could sell to them the hats she designed and made; she thus earned a living independent of Balsan. In the course of those salons, Coco Chanel befriended Arthur "Boy" Capel, an English socialite and polo player friend of Étienne Balsan; per the upper class social custom, Chanel also became mistress to Boy Capel. In 1910, Boy Capel financed her first independent millinery shop, Chanel Modes, at 21 rue Cambon in Paris. Because that locale already housed a dress shop, the business-lease limited Chanel to selling only millinery products, not couture. Two years later 1913, the Deauville and Biarritz couture shops of Coco Chanel offered for sale prêt-à-porter sports clothes for women, the practical designs of which allowed the wearer to play sports.

The First World War (1914–1918), affected European fashion through scarcity of materials, and the mobilisation of women. By that time, Chanel had opened a large dress shop at 31 Rue Cambon, near the Hôtel Ritz, in Paris. Among the clothes for sale were flannel blazers, straight-line skirts of linen, sailor blouses, long sweaters made of jersey fabric, and skirt-and-jacket suits.

Coco Chanel used jersey cloth because of its physical properties as a garment, such as its drape – how it falls upon and falls from the body of the woman – and how well it adapted to a simple garment-design. Sartorially, some of Chanel's designs derived from the military uniforms made prevalent by the War; and, by 1915, the designs and the clothes produced by the House of Chanel were known throughout France.[4] In 1915, Chanel opened her very first Couture House in Biarritz, France. She had 300 employees and even designed her first line of Haute Couture.

In 1915 and in 1917, Harper's Bazaar magazine reported that the garments of La Maison Chanel were "on the list of every buyer" for the clothing factories of Europe.[4] The Chanel dress shop at 31 rue Cambon presented day-wear dress-and-coat ensembles of simple design, and black evening dresses trimmed with lace; and tulle-fabric dresses decorated with jet, a minor gemstone material]

 20 per cent, and Chanel owned 10 per cent; commercial success of the joint enterprise was assured by the Chanel name, and by the cachet of la "Maison Chanel", which remained the sole business province of Coco Chanel.

Nonetheless, despite the success of the Chanel couture and parfumerie, the personal relations between Coco and her capitalist partner deteriorated, because, Coco said that Pierre Wertheimer was exploiting her talents as a fashion designer and as a businesswoman Wertheimer reminded Chanel that he had made her a very rich woman; and that his venture capital had funded Chanel's productive expansion of the parfumerie which created the wealth they enjoyed, all from the success of No. 5 de Chanel.

Nevertheless, unsatisfied, the businesswoman Gabrielle Chanel hired the attorney René de Chambrun to renegotiate the 10-per-cent partnership she entered, in 1924, with the Parfums Chanel company; the lawyer-to-lawyer negotiations failed, and the partnership-percentages remained as established in the original business deal among Wertheimer, Badel, and Chanel.

In 1996, Chanel bought gun-makers Holland & Holland, but failed in its attempt to revamp the firm.[9] The swimwear label Eres was also purchased in 1996.[33] Chanel launched the perfumes Allure in 1996 and Allure Homme in 1998. The House of Chanel launched its first skin care line, Précision, in 1999. That same year, Chanel launched a travel collection, and under a license contract with Luxottica, introduced a line of sunglasses and eyeglass frames.

While Wertheimer remained chairman, Françoise Montenay became CEO and President. 2000 saw the launch of the first unisex watch by Chanel, the J12. In 2001, watchmaker Bell & Ross was acquired. The same year, Chanel boutiques offering only selections of accessories were opened in the United States. Chanel launched a small selection of menswear as a part of their runway shows.

In 2002, Chanel launched the Chance perfume and Paraffection, a subsidiary company originally established in ] to support artisanal manufacturing, that gathered together Ateliers d'Art or workshops including Desrues for ornamentation and buttons, Lemarié for feathers, Lesage for embroidery, Massaro for shoemaking and Michel for millinery. A prêt-à-porter collection was designed by Karl Lagerfeld.

In July 2002, a jewelry and watch outlet opened on Madison Avenue. Within months, a 1,000-square-foot (90 m2) shoe/handbag boutique opened next door. Chanel continued to expand in the United States and by December 2002, operated 25 U.S. boutiques.

The History Of Givenchy

French luxury fashion and perfume house.  Givenchy.com It hosts the brand of haute couture and ready-to-wear clothing, accessories, perfumes and cosmetics of Parfums Givenchy. The house of Givenchy was founded in 1952 by designer Hubert de Givenchy and is a member of Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture et du Prêt-à-Porter. It is currently owned by luxury conglomerate LVMH.

In 1952, Hubert de Givenchy founded his own luxury house and launched a new collection Les Séparables with some floaty skirts and puffy blouses made from raw cotton

Givenchy achieved critical acclaim with Vogue magazine praising his "wonderful first collection" 14. The collection included the Bettina Blouse a white shirt named in honour of Bettina Graziani, which was then painted in one of René Gruau's works.

In 1956, both Cristóbal Balenciaga and Hubert de Givenchy presented their collection in New York during a charity gala in aid of the American hospital in Paris

In 1988, Givenchy joined LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton

Hubert de Givenchy left the company in 1995. He was succeeded by a variety of young British creators including John Galliano, Alexander McQueen and Julien MacDonald.

From May 2017 until April 2020, its artistic director was Clare Waight Keller, the first woman to hold that position.

Why We Love Princess Diana

Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour, which made her an international icon, earned her enduring popularity.

Diana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family, living at Park House on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became engaged to Charles, the eldest son of Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in July 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties were widely publicised, and the couple divorced in 1996.

As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms.

She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages were initially centred on children and the elderly, but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns: one involved the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the other for the removal of landmines, promoted through the International Red Cross. She also raised awareness and advocated for ways to help people affected by cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the public collapse of her marriage. Considered photogenic, she is regarded as a fashion icon of the 1980s and 1990s.

In August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in Paris; the incident led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. An inquest returned a verdict of unlawful killing following Operation Paget, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Her legacy has had a significant effect on the royal family and British society.

Diana was a staunch and longtime supporter of charities and organisations that focused on social and mental issues, including Relate and Turning ] Relate was relaunched in 1987 as a renewed version to its predecessor, the National Marriage Guidance Council. Diana became its patron in 1989. Turning Point, a health and social care organisation, was founded in 1964 to help and support those affected by drug and alcohol misuse and mental health problems. She became the charity's patron in 1987 and visited the charity on a regular basis, meeting the sufferers at its centres or institutions including Rampton and Broadmoo In 1990 during a speech for Turning Point she said, "It takes professionalism to convince a doubting public that it should accept back into its midst many of those diagnosed as psychotics, neurotics and other sufferers who Victorian communities decided should be kept out of sight in the safety of mental institutions"Despite the protocol problems of travelling to a Muslim country, she made a trip to Pakistan in 1991 in order to visit a rehabilitation centre in Lahore as a sign of "her commitment to working against drug abuse".

Fashion And The Environmental Impact 

The fashion industry, particularly manufacture and use of apparel and footwear, is a significant driver of greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution.[84] The rapid growth of fast fashion has led to around 80 billion items of clothing being consumed annually, with about 85% of clothes consumed in United States being sent to landfill.[85]

Less than one percent of clothing is recycled to make new clothes.[] The industry was estimated to produce 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, which was larger than the emissions produced by international flights and maritime shipping combined. According to a 2017 report from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, if the fashion sector persists on its same trajectory, its share of global carbon emissions could increase to 26% by 2050.[] The production and distribution of the crops, fibers, and garments used in fashion all contribute to differing forms of environmental pollution, including water, air, and soil degradation

Hi there,

My name is Yinka Joy Ajala. I Iove pasta, a good glass of wine, and am a firm believer that you can never go wrong with a little black dress.

I had a strong desire to create a site where women of all ages are, shapes, sizes and budgets could find their dream outfit. I wanted to create fashion that was obtainable to everyone, because I believe that a woman's outfit strongly impacts how they feel. Everyone deserves to feel beautiful.

I am so thankful for what I get to do each and every day, and the team I have in place, that I consider family is what makes Sweet Fashion the success that it is today. 

Thank you for taking the time to get to know me a little bit. You being here, on my site, means more to me than you will ever know. Whether you are a first time customer, a loyal long term customer, or simply just window shopping, I am so glad you are here. I hope you will allow us the opportunity to impress you.

At Sweet Fashion,we are guided by our values in every decision we make. Our collections consist of garments that are timeless and versatile. We encourage you to continuously make conscious choices. Be an editor of your own creative world and see your wardrobe as a curation of things that make up your identity.

Sustainability reports and improvements

We will continuously show areas of improvement as we evolve. We believe in the power of self-reflection and honesty. Therefore, any issues and solutions will be disclosed here.

If you enjoyed "Bridgerton" and are looking for similar shows or movies that blend romance, drama, and period settings, here are some recommendations:

1. **Pride and Prejudice** (2005) - A beautiful adaptation of Jane Austen's classic novel, starring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen. It offers a blend of romance, social commentary, and period drama.

2. **Downton Abbey** (TV Series) - Set in early 20th-century England, this series follows the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their servants. It explores themes of love, class, and societal change.

3. **Outlander** (TV Series) - A time-traveling romantic drama based on the novels by Diana Gabaldon. It follows Claire Randall, a nurse from 1945 who is transported back to 1743 Scotland, where she becomes embroiled in political intrigue and romance.

4. **The Crown** (TV Series) - While not strictly a romance, this series offers a fascinating look into the lives of the British royal family across different periods, including their personal relationships and historical events.

5. **Victoria** (TV Series) - A dramatization of Queen Victoria's early reign and her romance with Prince Albert. It explores their relationship amidst the challenges of ruling a kingdom.

6. **North & South** (TV Mini-Series) - Based on Elizabeth Gaskell's novel, this period drama depicts the romance between a strong-willed young woman from the south of England and a northern mill owner during the Industrial Revolution.

7. **Emma** (2020) - A recent adaptation of Jane Austen's novel, starring Anya Taylor-Joy. It follows Emma Woodhouse, a young woman who meddles in the love lives of her friends while struggling to understand her own romantic feelings.

8. **The Great** (TV Series) - A satirical and comedic drama loosely based on the rise of Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia. It blends historical events with humor and romance.

9. **Belle** (2013) - Inspired by the true story of Dido Elizabeth Belle, a mixed-race woman raised as an aristocrat in 18th-century England. The film explores themes of love, race, and social class.

10. **Sense and Sensibility** (1995) - Another adaptation of Jane Austen's novel, directed by Ang Lee and starring Emma Thompson and Kate Winslet. It tells the story of two sisters navigating love and heartbreak in early 19th-century England.

These recommendations offer a mix of period dramas, romances, and historical settings similar to the allure and drama found in "Bridgerton." Enjoy exploring these captivating stories!
 

Welcome

Dear Readers

Welcome to sweet fashion new blog

Welcome to the family of fashion and beauty lovers

We started this new  blog as a way to get to know each other better

We will be posting and discussing everything from fashion to love and everything in between

I am Yinka Joy Ajala CEO and founder of Sweet Fashion

Welcome to my home and thank you for being here.

Understanding breast cancer in simple terms involves knowing key aspects such as its definition, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options:

### What is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. Cancer begins when cells grow out of control and form a lump or mass called a tumor. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

### Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing breast cancer:

- **Age:** Risk increases with age, especially after 50.

- **Family History:** Having close relatives (mother, sister) with breast cancer.

- **Genetics:** Inherited mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2.

- **Hormones:** Exposure to estrogen, early menstruation, late menopause.

- **Lifestyle Factors:** Lack of physical activity, obesity, alcohol consumption.

### Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Common signs include:

- **Lump in the Breast:** Often painless but can be tender.

- **Changes in Breast Size or Shape:** Dimpling or puckering of the skin.

- **Nipple Discharge:** Especially if bloody.

- **Changes in Skin:** Redness, scaling, or thickening of the breast skin.

### Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

- **Mammogram:** X-ray of the breast used for screening and detecting abnormalities.

- **Ultrasound:** Uses sound waves to create images of breast tissues.

- **Biopsy:** Removal of tissue for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.

### Treatment Options

- **Surgery:** Removal of the tumor (lumpectomy) or entire breast (mastectomy).

- **Radiation Therapy:** Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

- **Chemotherapy:** Drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.

- **Hormone Therapy:** Blocks hormones that fuel certain types of breast cancer.

- **Targeted Therapy:** Targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth.

### Prevention and Early Detection

- **Regular Screening:** Mammograms and self-breast exams for early detection.

- **Healthy Lifestyle:** Maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, limit alcohol intake.

- **Know Your Family History:** Discuss with healthcare provider for personalized risk assessment.

### Conclusion

Breast cancer is a serious condition but early detection and advances in treatment can improve outcomes. Understanding risk factors, recognizing symptoms, and regular screening are crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment. It's important to discuss any concerns with a healthcare provider and take steps to promote breast health through lifestyle choices and screening practices.

### Notes and Review: How to Have a Healthy Sex Life

**Introduction:**

A healthy sex life is an integral part of overall well-being, contributing to physical, emotional, and relational health. Here are key points and strategies to cultivate a healthy sex life:

### 1. **Communication and Consent**

- **Open Communication:** Discuss desires, boundaries, and expectations openly with your partner(s) to ensure mutual understanding and comfort.

- **Consent:** Prioritize enthusiastic and ongoing consent in all sexual interactions. Respect boundaries and never coerce or pressure your partner(s).

### 2. **Physical Health**

- **Regular Exercise:** Exercise promotes cardiovascular health, stamina, and improves body image, enhancing sexual confidence.

- **Balanced Diet:** A nutritious diet supports overall health, energy levels, and libido.

- **Hygiene:** Maintain good hygiene practices to feel comfortable and confident during intimacy.

### 3. **Emotional Well-being**

- **Stress Management:** Practice stress-reduction techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, or hobbies to alleviate stress that can impact libido.

- **Emotional Connection:** Foster emotional intimacy through communication, affection, and spending quality time together outside of sexual activities.

### 4. **Sexual Education and Exploration**

- **Knowledge:** Educate yourself about sexual health, anatomy, and contraception to make informed decisions.

- **Exploration:** Experiment with different techniques, positions, and fantasies to keep intimacy exciting and satisfying for both partners.

### 5. **Safe Sex Practices**

- **Contraception:** Use reliable contraception methods to prevent unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

- **Regular STI Testing:** Get tested regularly for STIs, especially if you have multiple sexual partners or engage in high-risk behaviors.

### 6. **Relationship Dynamics**

- **Trust and Respect:** Build trust and respect in the relationship to create a safe and supportive environment for sexual expression.

- **Address Issues:** Address any relationship issues or conflicts that may affect sexual intimacy. Seek couples therapy if needed.

### 7. **Self-Exploration and Self-Care**

- **Self-Pleasure:** Explore your own body through masturbation to understand your desires and preferences.

- **Self-Care:** Prioritize self-care practices that promote self-esteem, such as adequate sleep, relaxation, and self-compassion.

### 8. **Seeking Professional Help**

- **Sex Therapy:** Consider sex therapy or counseling if you experience sexual difficulties, lack of desire, or relationship conflicts related to intimacy.

- **Medical Consultation:** Consult a healthcare provider for concerns about sexual function, libido, or any physical discomfort during sex.

### Review: Tips for a Healthy Sex Life

A healthy sex life is not just about physical satisfaction but also about emotional connection, communication, and mutual respect. By prioritizing open communication, physical and emotional well-being, safe sex practices, and continuous exploration, individuals and couples can nurture a fulfilling and satisfying sexual relationship. It's essential to prioritize consent, respect boundaries, and seek professional help when needed to overcome challenges and maintain a healthy sexual dynamic.

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of factors contributing to a healthy sex life. For a detailed review, further exploration into each aspect can delve deeper into practical strategies and personal experiences to enhance sexual well-being.

Certainly! Here are some romantic movies currently available on Netflix that you might enjoy:

1. **To All the Boys I've Loved Before** - A charming romantic comedy about a teenage girl whose secret love letters are unexpectedly mailed out.

   

2. **The Notebook** - A classic romantic drama about a young couple's enduring love story, based on Nicholas Sparks' novel.

   

3. **Always Be My Maybe** - A romantic comedy about childhood friends who reconnect as adults and navigate their feelings for each other.

   

4. **La La Land** - A modern musical romance about a jazz musician and an aspiring actress navigating love and dreams in Los Angeles.

   

5. **The Half of It** - A coming-of-age romantic comedy-drama about a shy, introverted student who helps a high school jock write love letters to a girl they both secretly admire.

   

6. **Silver Linings Playbook** - A romantic comedy-drama about two people struggling with mental health issues who find solace and connection in each other's company.

   

7. **Set It Up** - A romantic comedy about two overworked assistants who conspire to set up their demanding bosses with each other to gain more free time for themselves.

   

8. **Someone Great** - A comedy-drama about a woman who navigates a breakup in New York City with the help of her supportive friends.

   

9. **The Kissing Booth** (and its sequels) - A teen romantic comedy about a high school girl whose life changes when she starts a romantic relationship with her best friend's older brother.

   

10. **About Time** - A heartfelt romantic comedy-drama about a young man who discovers he can time travel and uses it to improve his love life.

These movies offer a variety of romantic stories, from classic dramas to quirky comedies, catering to different tastes and moods. Enjoy watching these romantic movies on Netflix!

 Neolife's All C Chewable product page. Here’s how you might describe Neolife All C Chewable:

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### Neolife All C Chewable

Neolife All C Chewable is a premium dietary supplement designed to provide a potent dose of vitamin C in a convenient chewable tablet form. With its delicious citrus flavor, it offers a refreshing way to support your daily vitamin C intake, essential for overall health and immune function.

**Key Features:**

- **High-Quality Vitamin C:** Each chewable tablet delivers a significant amount of vitamin C, sourced from high-quality ingredients.

- **Antioxidant Support:** Vitamin C acts as a powerful antioxidant, helping to neutralize free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease.

- **Immune System Booster:** Supports immune health by promoting the production of white blood cells and antibodies that fight infections.

- **Collagen Production:** Essential for collagen synthesis, vital for maintaining healthy skin, bones, and connective tissues.

- **Citrus Flavor:** Enjoyable citrus flavor makes it easy to take without water, ideal for on-the-go lifestyles.

**Benefits:**

- **Daily Support:** Helps fill nutritional gaps in the diet, especially beneficial for individuals with inadequate dietary intake of vitamin C-rich foods.

- **Convenient Form:** Chewable tablets are easy to consume, making them suitable for both children and adults who prefer a tasty alternative to traditional pills.

- **No Artificial Additives:** Formulated without artificial flavors, colors, or preservatives, ensuring a pure and natural supplement experience.

**Usage:**

Take one chewable tablet daily, or as recommended by your healthcare provider, to maintain optimal vitamin C levels and support overall health. Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

**Conclusion:**

Neolife All C Chewable stands out as a convenient and effective way to supplement your diet with vitamin C. Whether you’re looking to boost your immune system, support collagen production, or simply maintain overall well-being, these chewable tablets provide a tasty solution. Embrace the benefits of vitamin C with Neolife’s commitment to quality and nutrition.

For more detailed information and to purchase Neolife All C Chewable, visit [Neolife All C Chewable](https://neolife.offersupermarket.com/product/allcchewable).

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Feel free to adjust and expand this description based on specific details provided on the product page.

Why We Love Collen Hoover 

Colleen Hoover (born Margaret Colleen Fennell; December 11, 1979) is an American author who primarily writes novels in the romance and young adult fiction genres.[2][1] She is best known for her 2016 romance novel It Ends with Us. Many of her works were self-published before being picked up by a publishing house.[2][3] As of October 2022, Hoover has sold approximately 20 million books.[4] She was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2023.

Hoover was born on December 11, 1979,[6] in Sulphur Springs, Texas, to Vannoy Fite[1] and Eddie Fennell. She grew up in Saltillo, Texas,[7] and she graduated from Saltillo High School in 1998.[8] She married Heath Hoover in 2000,[9] and they have three sons.[10] Hoover graduated from Texas A&M-Commerce with a degree in social work.[11] She worked in various social work and teaching jobs before starting her career as an author.[12]

In November 2011, Hoover began writing her debut novel, Slammed, with no intention of getting published. She was inspired by a lyric, "decide what to be and go be it", from an Avett Brothers song, "Head Full of Doubt/Road Full of Promise," and she incorporated Avett Brothers lyrics throughout the story.[13] Hoover self-published Slammed in January 2012.[11] She states that she published the novel so her mother, who had just received an Amazon Kindle, could read it.[14] A sequel, Point of Retreat, was published in February 2012.[11] After a few months, Slammed was reviewed and given five stars by book blogger Maryse Black,[15] and afterward, sales rapidly rocketed for Hoover's first two books.[11][16] Slammed and Point of Retreat reached #8 and #18, respectively, on the New York Times Best Seller list in August of that year.[17][18] Atria Books picked up the novels and republished them on August 10, 2012.[19] A third book in the series, This Girl, was published in April 2013.[20][21] After the success of Slammed, Hoover quit her job in social work to become a full-time writer.[14]

Hoover's novel Hopeless was self-published in December 2012, and features a girl who was home-schooled throughout her elementary education before going to a public high school.[11] The book reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list on January 20,[2][3] and remained there for three weeks.[22] It was the first self-published novel to ever top the list.[23] A companion novel, Losing Hope, was published that July.[24]

Finding Cinderella is a free novella that Hoover published in 2014. It features several of the characters depicted in her novels Hopeless and Losing Hope. A paperback was released with several bonus features, such as a new epilogue and Hoover's own "Cinderella story".[25] Maybe Someday, published in March 2014, was the first novel of a small series about a boy and a girl who write music together and fall in love. Musician Griffin Peterson created a soundtrack to accompany the novel.[26] Links in the e-book or a scannable QR code in the paperback led to a website where readers could listen to the music.[27]

Never Never, a 2015 collaboration with Tarryn Fisher, was originally split into three parts and sold as three separate books. The work was later republished as one complete book.[citation needed]

Hoover's novel It Ends with Us was published in 2016.[28] Hoover described it as "the hardest book I've ever written."[29] The novel concerns domestic violence, and, according to Hoover, it was written with the intention of advocating for domestic violence victims.[30] The story was inspired by Hoover's personal experience as a child growing up in a household with domestic violence, which carried through into her adult life. The book's main character, Lily, experiences domestic violence at a young age, witnessing her father's abuse towards her mother, on top of experiencing it firsthand, and then she ends up in a violent relationship as an adult.[31] As of 2019, the novel had sold over a million copies worldwide, and it has been translated into over twenty languages.[32] In 2021, Hoover experienced a surge in popularity due to attention from the BookTok community on TikTok.[30][33] As a result, in January 2022, It Ends with Us was #1 on The New York Times Best Sellers list.[34] Filming of a movie adaptation of It Ends with Us began in May 2023.[35]

A sequel to It Ends with Us, titled It Starts with Us, was published on October 18, 2022, by Atria Books.[36] Simon & Schuster released the details of the extensive marketing campaign for the novel, which became the publisher's most-preordered book of all time.[37]

In October 2022, Simon & Schuster UK acquired two standalone novels by Hoover, which are to be published in 2024 and 2026.[38]

As of October 2022, Hoover has sold more than 20 million books.[4] Reflecting on Hoover's success in 2022, Alexandra Alter of The New York Times wrote, "To say she's currently the best-selling novelist in the United States, to even compare her to other successful authors who have landed several books on the best seller lists

Becoming rich typically involves a combination of strategic planning, hard work, and smart financial decisions. Here are several ways to build wealth:

### 1. **Invest Wisely**

- **Stock Market:** Invest in stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. Diversify your portfolio to manage risk.

- **Real Estate:** Purchase property to generate rental income or sell at a higher value.

- **Retirement Accounts:** Contribute to retirement accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs, benefiting from compound interest and tax advantages.

### 2. **Start a Business**

- **Entrepreneurship:** Launch a startup or buy an existing business. A successful business can generate significant income.

- **Innovation:** Create a unique product or service that meets a market need.

### 3. **Increase Your Income**

- **Career Advancement:** Seek promotions, negotiate salary increases, or switch jobs for better pay.

- **Side Hustles:** Engage in freelance work, consulting, or part-time jobs to supplement your main income.

### 4. **Save and Budget**

- **Living Below Your Means:** Keep expenses lower than your income to save more.

- **Budgeting:** Track your spending and set financial goals to avoid unnecessary expenses.

### 5. **Education and Skills Development**

- **Higher Education:** Pursue degrees or certifications that can lead to higher-paying jobs.

- **Skill Enhancement:** Continuously improve skills relevant to your career to increase your marketability and earning potential.

### 6. **Network and Seek Mentorship**

- **Professional Networks:** Build relationships with successful individuals in your field.

- **Mentorship:** Learn from mentors who can provide guidance and advice based on their experiences.

### 7. **Manage Debt Wisely**

- **Avoid High-Interest Debt:** Minimize credit card debt and high-interest loans.

- **Good Debt:** Use loans strategically for investments, such as student loans for education or mortgages for real estate.

### 8. **Stay Informed and Adaptable**

- **Market Trends:** Keep abreast of market trends and economic conditions to make informed investment decisions.

- **Adaptability:** Be open to changing your strategy as market conditions and personal circumstances evolve.

### 9. **Passive Income Streams**

- **Dividends and Interest:** Invest in stocks or bonds that pay regular dividends or interest.

- **Royalties:** Create intellectual property, such as books, music, or patents, that can generate ongoing revenue.

- **Online Businesses:** Develop digital products or services that can be sold with minimal ongoing effort.

### 10. **Tax Strategies**

- **Tax-Efficient Investments:** Use tax-advantaged accounts and investments to minimize tax liability.

- **Professional Advice:** Consult with tax professionals to develop strategies that can reduce your taxable income.

### 11. **Smart Spending**

- **Asset Purchases:** Spend money on assets that appreciate in value, rather than liabilities that depreciate.

- **Frugality:** Practice mindful spending to maximize savings and investments.

### Conclusion

Building wealth is a long-term process that requires discipline, patience, and strategic planning. By diversifying income sources, investing wisely, managing expenses, and continuously improving skills, you can increase your chances of becoming rich. Remember, there is no one-size-fits-all approach, so tailor these strategies to fit your personal circumstances and goals.

The History Of Dresses 

A dress (also known as a frock or a gown) is a garment traditionally worn by women or girls consisting of a skirt with an attached bodice (or a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment). It consists of a top piece that covers the torso and hangs down over the legs. A dress can be any one-piece garment containing a skirt of any length, and can be formal or casual.

A dress can have sleeves, straps, or be held up with elastic around the chest, leaving the shoulders bare. Dresses also vary in color.

The hemlines of dresses vary depending on modesty, weather, fashion or the personal taste of the wearer.

In the 11th century, women in Europe wore dresses that were similar to men's tunics and were loose, with a hemline reaching to below the knees or lower.[8] By the end of the century, these dresses featured a tighter fit on the arms and women's upper bodies.[8] Dresses were made snug by featuring slits on the sides of the dress that were pulled tight in order to fit a woman's figure.]

16th century
edit
Starting in the 1550s, middle- and upper-class women in Europe wore dresses which included a smock, stays, kirtle, gown, forepart, sleeves, ruff and a partlet.[5] Undergarments were not worn underneath.n England, Queen Elizabeth dictated what kinds of dresses women were allowed to wear French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices and also wore ruffs.] French dresses were known as marlottes.[] In Italy, dresses were known as ropa and semarra.M

[] Dresses in the 16th century also displayed surface decoration such as embroidery, with blackwork being especially popular.]

Women's dresses in Russia during both the 16th and 17th centuries identified a woman's place in society or their family.

17th century
edit
Holland, as a center of textile production, was a particularly noted area of innovation in dress fashion during the 17th Century] In Spain and Portugal, women wore stomachers [] while in England and France, dresses became more "naturally" ] Lace and slashing were popular decorations.[7] Skirts were full, with regular folds and the overskirt allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. Necklines became lower as well.[7] Embroidery that reflected scientific discoveries, such as newly discovered animals and plants were popular.[14] In the British Colonies, multi-piece dresses were also popular, though less luxurious.[Wealthy women living in the Spanish or Dutch colonies in the Americas copied the fashions that were popular from their homelands.[

The three-piece dress, which had a bodice, petticoat and gown, was popular until the last 25 years of the century, in which the mantua, or a one-piece gown, became more popular.Corsets became more important in dresses by the 1680s.

Working women, and women in slavery in the Americas, used simple patterns to create shifts, wool or linen petticoats and gowns and cotton dresses. The bottoms of the skirts could be tucked into the waistband when a woman was near a cooking or heating fire

Large, triangular silhouettes were favored during the 18th century, skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts.[] One-piece gowns remained popular until the middle of the centuryDuring the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats were reduced in size.[Lighter colors and lighter fabrics were also favored.

] In Colonial America, women most often wore a gown and petticoat, in which the skirt of the gown opened to reveal the petticoat underneath Women also had riding habits which consisted of the petticoat, jacket and a waistcoat.[

French fashion regarding dresses became very fast-changing during the later part of the 18th century.Throughout this period, the length of fashionable dresses varied only slightly, between ankle-length and floor-sweeping.] Between 1740 and 1770, the robe à la française was very popular with upper-class women. In France, the Empire style became popular after the French Revolution.[This simpler style was also favored by Josephine Bonaparte, wife of Napoleon. Other popular styles during the revolution included tunic dresses and the negligée à la patriot, which featured the red, white and blue colors of the flag.[

In the early twentieth century, the look popularized by the Gibson Girl was fashionable.[ The upper part of women's dresses in the Edwardian era included a "pigeon breast" look that gave way to a corseted waist and an s-shaped silhouette.[Women called their dresses "waists" if one-piece, or "shirtwaists," if it consisted of a skirt and a ] The bodice of the dresses had a boned lining. Informally, wealthy women wore tea gowns at home These garments were looser, though not as loose as a "wrapper," and made of expensive fabric and laces.[]

By 1910, the Edwardian look was replaced with a straighter silhouette.

[] French designer, Paul Poiret, had a huge impact on the look of the time.[ Designs developed by Poiret were available in both boutiques and also in department stores.

] Popular dresses of the time were one-piece and included lingerie dresses which could be layered At around the same time, in the United States, the American Ladies Tailors' Association developed a dress called the suffragette suit, which was practical for women to work and move around in.[] Another innovation of the 1910s was the ready availability of factory-made clothing.[

Waistlines started out high and by 1915 were below the natural waist.[46] By 1920, waistlines were at hip-level.[] Between 1910 and 1920 necklines were lower and dresses could be short-sleeved or sleeveless.[

 Women who worked during World War I preferred shorter dresses, which eventually became the dominant style overall.[

] In addition to the shorter dresses, waistlines were looser and the dominant colors were black, white and gray.[

By 1920, the "new woman" was a trend that saw lighter fabrics and dresses that were easier to put on] Younger women were also setting the trends that older women started to follow.] The dresses of the 1920s could be pulled over the head, were short and straight.] It was acceptable to wear sleeveless dresses during the day] Flapper dresses were popular until end of the dwcade

During World War II, dresses were slimmer and inspired by military uniforms. After WWII, the New Look, promoted by Christian Dior was very influential on fashion and the look of women's dresses for about a decade]

Since the 1970s, no one dress type or length has dominated fashion for long, with short and ankle-length styles often appearing side by side in fashion magazines and catalogs

Controversial Zara Labor  

In August 2011, a Brazilian television show accused the company of using sweatshops for their outsourced production. The Regional Superintendency of Labour and Employment of São Paulo, Brazil, closed a factory that produced Zara's clothing for its poor labour conditions.Zara's representatives said the accusations of slave labour made against the retailer represent a breach of the code of conduct for workshops of Inditex. The company also states factories responsible for unauthorized outsourcing have been asked to regularize immediately the situation of the workers involved

workshops of Inditex. The company also states factories responsible for unauthorized outsourcing have been asked to regularize immediately the situation of the workers involved

In September 2013, Bangladeshi garment workers for suppliers to Zara and its parent company, Inditex, protested following the 2013 Dhaka garment factory collapse, demanding a US$100 a month minimum wage.

In 2016, BBC News stated they found evidence of child labor and exploitation in factories in Turkey. Zara replied that there were some issues in June 2016 in one single factory and, instead of solving these issues immediately, they have given a period of six months to solve them.

In November 2017, customers shopping at Zara stores in Istanbul, Turkey, found handwritten notes purportedly from Turkish workers in the pockets of in-store garments asking shoppers to pressure Zara into paying them unpaid wages

In 2022, about 1,000 shop assistants who work at Zara and other fashion brands owned by Inditex went on strike on Black Friday in the company's home town in northern Spain to demand better salariesPrior to a second strike, Inditex, Zara's parent company, has agreed to pay 322 euros more per month to shop assistants from 44 stores. Workers will also get a one-off bonus of 1,000 euros to be paid in February 2023.

In December 2023, Yle reported in Finland that the local Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Regional State Administrative Agency had investigated the four Zara stores under suspicions of illegal labour practices. In the investigation it was found that the workload the employees were subjected to were illegal. In one store, 95% of respondents to the authorities' enquiry felt that the workload is unbearable

 Why We Love Meghan Markle 

Rachel Meghan Markle; August 4, 1981) is an American member of the British royal family and a former actress. She is married to Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of King Charles III.

Meghan was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Her acting career began at Northwestern University. She played the part of Rachel Zane for seven seasons (2011–2018) in the American TV legal drama Suits. She also developed a social media presence, which included The Tig (2014–2017), a lifestyle blog. During The Tig period, Meghan became involved in charity work focused primarily on women's issues and social justice. She was married to American film producer Trevor Engelson from 2011 until their divorce in 2014.

Meghan retired from acting upon her marriage to Prince Harry in 2018 and became known as the Duchess of Sussex. Meghan and Harry have two children: Archie and Lilibet. The couple stepped down as working royals in January 2020, moved to Meghan's native Southern California and launched Archewell Inc., a Beverly Hills-based mix of for-profit and not-for-profit (charitable) business organizations. In March 2021, she sat for Oprah with Meghan and Harry, a much-publicized American television interview with her husband and Oprah Winfrey. She has written The Bench (a picture book for children) and presented a podcast Archetypes. Meghan and Harry starred in Harry & Meghan, a Netflix docuseries, which was released in December 2022.October 2019, along with other members of the royal family, Meghan voiced a Public Health England announcement, for the "Every Mind Matters" mental health program

Conceiving a child is a team effort, so what can you do on your part to help your partner get pregnant? One thing you can do is take steps to improve your sperm count, and you can help track your partner’s cycle to know when they’re most fertile. Keep reading to learn exactly what steps you can take to be proactive and help increase the odds of conceiving with your partner.

diminish your sperm count, likely due to your testicles being kept at a higher temperature so close to your body. If you're trying to conceive, opt for looser-fitting underwear instead.
Avoid tight-fitting pants, hot tubs, and saunas for the same reason.
It’ll take about 3 months for your sperm level to reach its maximum after you switch to boxers.

Follow a healthy, balanced diet. To boost your sperm count, eat a healthy diet rich in vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, such as chicken. In addition, make an effort to eat fatty fish like salmon, tuna, and bluefin. The omega-3 fatty acids may have an increased effect on your sperm production.[2]

Also go for foods rich in antioxidants, like leafy greens and fresh fruits, to help improve your sperm count.[3]

Tip: In addition to cutting out unhealthy snacks like chips and sweets, especially avoid processed meats like bacon.

Make an effort to quit smoking if you do. Smoking cigarettes, while also being harmful to your overall health, can be a cause of low sperm count. If you're having trouble quitting, try using patches, gum, or other smoking cessation aids to help you curb the urge.
If over-the-counter options don't help, askTrack your partner's ovulation each month. The best way to get your partner pregnant is to have sex with them around the time that they ovulate, or when they release an egg. This typically occurs in between their menstrual cycles. You can use a fertility calendar to keep track of the days, or you can use a fertility tracking app to help you both remember.[]
You can also track ovulation by measuring your partner's basal temperature—the temperature of their body at rest—once a day. This temperature often increases slightly during ovulation.
They can monitor their cervical mucus, which often becomes more clear and wet before ovulation.Have sex at least once a day on their 6 most fertile days. Once you establish when your partner ovulates, try to have sex at least once a day during that week. Since your sperm can live for up to 5 days after ejaculation, having sex frequently during this time will help ensure there's viable sperm available when the egg arrives.[13]
Even when they aren't ovulating, it’s best to have sex about 2-3 times a week. Not only will each individual session increase the odds that you'll conceive, having a lot of sex can actually boost your sperm count.
Having frequent sex (every day or every other day) has been shown to yield some of the highest pregnancy rates. If the goal is to get pregnant quickly, this could help your chances.
Talk to your doctor if you haven't been able to conceive after a year. Your general physician may order a semen analysis, which will check both your sperm count and the health of your sperm. If there are any problems, your doctor may refer you to a male fertility specialist.[16]
Your partner should arrange an appointment with their doctor at the same time to rule out any problems with their fertility.[17]
If your partner has Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), it's possible that they have some kind of vitamin deficiency. In this case, it's important they talk to a doctor and take the recommended prenatal vitamin supplements.
Tip: Some medical causes of a low sperm count could include a hormone imbalance, genetic or physical abnormalities, trauma, infection, excessive alcohol or drug use, and certain medications.

A woman is an adult female human.^[a][2][3] Before adulthood, a female child or adolescent is referred to as a girl.^[4]

Typically, women are of the female sex and inherit a pair of X chromosomes, one from each parent, and fertile women are capable of pregnancy and giving birth from puberty until menopause. More generally, sex differentiation of the female fetus is governed by the lack of a present, or functioning, SRY gene on either one of the respective sex chromosomes.^[5] Female anatomy is distinguished from male anatomy by the female reproductive system, which includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. An adult woman generally has a wider pelvis, broader hips, and larger breasts than an adult man. These characteristics facilitate childbirth and breastfeeding. Women typically have less facial and other body hair, have a higher body fat composition, and are on average shorter and less muscular than men.

Throughout human history, traditional gender roles within patriarchal societies have often defined and limited women's activities and opportunities, resulting in gender inequality; many religious doctrines and legal systems stipulate certain rules for women. With restrictions loosening during the 20th century in many societies, women have gained wider access to careers and the ability to pursue higher education. Violence against women, whether within families or in communities, has a long history and is primarily committed by men. Some women are denied reproductive rights. The movements and ideologies of feminism have a shared goal of achieving gender equality.

Transgender women were assigned male at birth and have a female gender identity,^[6] while intersex women have sex characteristics that do not fit typical notions of female biology.^[7][8]

The spelling of woman in English has progressed over the past millennium from wīfmann^[9] to wīmmann to wumman, and finally, the modern spelling woman.^[10] In Old English, mann had the gender-neutral meaning of 'human', akin to the Modern 'person' or 'someone'. The word for 'woman' was wīf or wīfmann (lit. 'woman-person') whereas 'man' was wer or wǣpnedmann (from wǣpn 'weapon; penis'). However, following the Norman Conquest, man began to mean 'male human', and by the late 13th century it had largely replaced wer.^[11] The consonants /f/ and /m/ in wīfmann coalesced into the modern woman, while wīf narrowed to specifically mean a married woman ('wife').

It is a popular misconception that the term "woman" is etymologically connected to "womb".^[12] "Womb" derives from the Old English word wamb meaning 'belly, uterus'^[13] (cognate to the modern German colloquial term "Wamme" from Old High German wamba for 'belly, paunch, lap').^[14][15]

The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human, or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with girl. The word girl originally meant "young person of either sex" in English;^[16] it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child.^[17] The term girl is sometimes used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman; however, during the early 1970s, feminists challenged such use because the use of the word to refer to a fully grown woman may cause offence. In particular, previously common terms such as office girl are no longer widely used. Conversely, in certain cultures which link family honor with female virginity, the word girl (or its equivalent in other languages) is still used to refer to a never-married woman; in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the more-or-less obsolete English maid or maiden.

Different countries have different laws, but age 18 is frequently considered the age of majority (the age at which a person is legally considered an adult).^[18][19]

The social sciences' views on what it means to be a woman have changed significantly since the early 20th century as women gained more rights and greater representation in the workforce, with scholarship in the 1970s moving toward a focus on the sex–gender distinction and social construction of gender.^[20][21]

There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman. The term "womanhood" merely means the state of being a woman; "femininity" is used to refer to a set of typical female qualities associated with a certain attitude to gender roles; "womanliness" is like "femininity", but is usually associated with a different view of gender roles. "Distaff" is an archaic adjective derived from women's conventional role as a spinner, now used only as a deliberate archaism.

Menarche, the onset of menstruation, occurs on average at age 12–13. Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a girl's coming of age, such as confirmation in some branches of Christianity,^[22] bat mitzvah in Judaism, or a custom of a special celebration for a certain birthday (generally between 12 and 21), like the quinceañera of Latin America.

Male and female bodies have some differences. Some differences, such as the external sex organs, are visible, while other differences, such as internal anatomy and genetic characteristics, are not visible.

Typically, the cells of female humans contain two X chromosomes, while the cells of male humans have an X and a Y chromosome.^[23] During early fetal development, all embryos have phenotypically female genitalia up until week 6 or 7, when a male embryo's gonads differentiate into testes due to the action of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.^[24] Sex differentiation proceeds in female humans in a way that is independent of gonadal hormones.^[24] Because humans inherit mitochondrial DNA only from the mother's ovum, genealogical researchers can trace maternal lineage far back in time.

Female puberty triggers bodily changes that enable sexual reproduction via fertilization. In response to chemical signals from the pituitary gland, the ovaries secrete hormones that stimulate maturation of the body, including increased height and weight, body hair growth, breast development and menarche (the onset of menstruation).^[25]

Most girls go through menarche between ages 12–13,^[26][27] and are then capable of becoming pregnant and bearing children. Pregnancy generally requires internal fertilization of the eggs with sperm, via either sexual intercourse or artificial insemination, though in vitro fertilization allows fertilization to occur outside the human body.^[28] Humans are similar to other large mammals in that they usually give birth to a single offspring per pregnancy, but are unusual in being altricial compared to most other large mammals, meaning young are undeveloped at time of birth and require the aid of their parents or guardians to fully mature.^[29][30] Sometimes humans have multiple births, most commonly twins.^[31]

Usually between ages 49–52, a woman reaches menopause, the time when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.^[32][33][34] Unlike most other mammals, the human lifespan usually extends many years after menopause.^[35] Many women become grandmothers and contribute to the care of grandchildren and other family members.^[36] Many biologists believe that the extended human lifespan is evolutionarily driven by kin selection, though other theories have also been proposed.^{[37][38][39][40]}

In terms of biology, the female sex organs are involved in the reproductive system, whereas the secondary sex characteristics are involved in breastfeeding children and attracting a mate.^[41] Humans are placental mammals, which means the mother carries the fetus in the uterus and the placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.^[42][43]

The internal female genitalia consist of the ovaries, gonads that produce female gametes called ova, the fallopian tubes, tubular structures that transport the egg cells, the uterus, an organ with tissue to protect and nurture the developing fetus and its cervix to expel it, the accessory glands (Bartholin's and Skene's), two pairs of glands that help lubricate during intercourse, and the vagina, an organ used in copulating and birthing.

The vulva (external female genitalia)^[44] consists of the clitoris, labia majora, labia minora and vestibule. The vestibule is where the vaginal and urethral openings are located.

The mammary glands are hypothesized to have evolved from apocrine-like glands to produce milk, a nutritious secretion that is the most distinctive characteristic of mammals, along with live birth.^[45] In mature women, the breast is generally more prominent than in most other mammals; this prominence, not necessary for milk production, is thought to be at least partially the result of sexual selection.^[41]

Estrogens, which are primary female sex hormones, have a significant impact on a female's body shape. They are produced in both men and women, but their levels are significantly higher in women, especially in those of reproductive age. Besides other functions, estrogens promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts and hips.^[46][47][48] As a result of estrogens, during puberty, girls develop breasts and their hips widen. Working against estrogen, the presence of testosterone in a pubescent female inhibits breast development and promotes muscle and facial hair development.^[49]

Women have lower hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood) than men; this is due to lower testosterone, which stimulates the production of erythropoietin by the kidney. The normal hematocrit level for a woman is 36% to 48% (for men, 41% to 50%). The normal level of hemoglobin (an oxygen-transport protein found in red blood cells) for women is 12.0 to 15.5 g/dL (for men, 13.5 to 17.5 g/dL).^[50][51][52]

Women's hearts have finer-grained textures in the muscle compared to men's hearts, and the heart muscle's overall shape and surface area also differs to men's when controlling for body size and age.^[53][54] In addition, women's hearts age more slowly compared to men's hearts.^[55]

Girls are born slightly less frequently than boys (the ratio is around 1:1.05). Out of the total human population in 2015, there were 1018 men for every 1000 women.^[56]

Intersex women have an intersex condition, usually defined as those born with ambiguous genitalia. Most individuals with ambiguous genitalia are assigned female at birth, and most intersex women are cisgender. The medical practices to assign binary female to intersex youth is often controversial.^[57] Some intersex conditions are associated with typical rates of female gender identity, while others are associated with substantially higher rates of identifying as LGBT compared compared to the general population.^{[58][59][60][61]}

Female sexuality and attraction are variable, and a woman's sexual behavior can be affected by many factors, including evolved predispositions, personality, upbringing, and culture. While most women are heterosexual, significant minorities are lesbian or bisexual.^[62]

Most cultures use a gender binary in which woman is one of the two genders, the other being man; others have a third gender.^[63][64][65]

Most women are cisgender, meaning they were assigned female at birth and have a female gender identity. Transgender women were assigned male at birth^[6] and have a female gender identity and may experience gender dysphoria (distress brought upon by the discrepancy between a person's gender identity and their sex assigned at birth).^[66] Gender dysphoria may be treated with gender-affirming care, which may include social or medical transition. Social transition may involve changes such as adopting a new name, hairstyle, clothing, and pronoun associated with the individual's affirmed female gender identity.^[67] A major component of medical transition for trans women is feminizing hormone therapy, which causes the development of female secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts, redistribution of body fat, and lower waist–hip ratio). Medical transition may also involve gender-affirming surgery, and a trans woman may undergo one or more feminizing procedures which result in anatomy that is typically gendered female.^[68][69] Like cisgender women, trans women may have any sexual orientation.

Factors that specifically affect the health of women in comparison with men are most evident in those related to reproduction, but sex differences have been identified from the molecular to the behavioral scale. Some of these differences are subtle and difficult to explain, partly due to the fact that it is difficult to separate the health effects of inherent biological factors from the effects of the surrounding environment they exist in. Sex chromosomes and hormones, as well as sex-specific lifestyles, metabolism, immune system function, and sensitivity to environmental factors are believed to contribute to sex differences in health at the levels of physiology, perception, and cognition. Women can have distinct responses to drugs and thresholds for diagnostic parameters.^{[70][page needed]}

Some diseases primarily affect or are exclusively found in women, such as lupus, breast cancer, cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer.^[71] The medical practice dealing with female reproduction and reproductive organs is called gynaecology ("science of women").^[72][73]

Maternal mortality or maternal death is defined by WHO as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes."^[74] In 2008, noting that each year more than 500,000 women die of complications of pregnancy and childbirth and at least seven million experience serious health problems while 50 million more have adverse health consequences after childbirth, the World Health Organization urged midwife training to strengthen maternal and newborn health services. To support the upgrading of midwifery skills the WHO established a midwife training program, Action for Safe Motherhood.^[75]

In 2017, 94% of maternal deaths occur in low and lower middle-income countries. Approximately 86% of maternal deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for around 66% and Southern Asia accounting for around 20%. The main causes of maternal mortality include pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, unsafe abortion, pregnancy complications from malaria and HIV/AIDS, and severe bleeding and infections following childbirth.^[76] Most European countries, Australia, Japan, and Singapore are very safe in regard to childbirth.^{[77][improper synthesis][better source needed]}

In 1990, the US ranked 12th of the 14 developed countries that were analyzed and since that time the death rates of every country have steadily improved while the US rate has spiked dramatically. While the others that were analyzed in 1990 show a 2017 death rate of fewer than 10 deaths per every 100,000 live births, the U.S. rate rose to 26.4. Furthermore, for every one of the 700 to 900 women who die in the U.S. each year during pregnancy or childbirth, 70 experience significant complications, totaling more than one percent of all births.^[78][79]

The life expectancy for women is generally longer than men's. This advantage begins from birth, with newborn girls more likely to survive the first year than boys. Worldwide, women live six to eight years longer than men.^[81] However, this varies by place and situation. For example, discrimination against women has lowered female life expectancy in some parts of Asia so that men there live longer than women.^[81]

The difference in life expectancy are believed to be partly due to biological advantages and partly due to gendered behavioral differences between men and women.^[81][82] For example, women are less likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors like smoking and reckless driving, and consequently have fewer preventable premature deaths from such causes.^[81]

In some developed countries, the life expectancy is evening out. This is believed to caused both by worse health behaviors among women, especially an increased rate of smoking tobacco by women, and improved health among men, such as less cardiovascular disease.^[81] The World Health Organization (WHO) writes that it is "important to note that the extra years of life for women are not always lived in good health."^[81]

Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has stated that:^[83]

... the human rights of women include their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. Equal relationships between women and men in matters of sexual relations and reproduction, including full respect for the integrity of the person, require mutual respect, consent and shared responsibility for sexual behavior and its consequences.

The World Health Organization reports that based on data from 2010 to 2014, 56 million induced abortions occurred worldwide each year (25% of all pregnancies). Of those, about 25 million were considered as unsafe. The WHO reports that in developed regions about 30 women die for every 100,000 unsafe abortions and that number rises to 220 deaths per 100,000 unsafe abortions in developing regions and 520 deaths per 100,000 unsafe abortions in sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO ascribes these deaths to:

• restrictive laws
• poor availability of services
• high cost
• stigma
• conscientious objection of health-care providers
• unnecessary requirements, such as mandatory waiting periods, mandatory counseling, provision of misleading information, third-party authorization, and medically unnecessary tests that delay care.^[84]

Femininity (also called womanliness or girlishness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with women and girls. Although femininity is socially constructed,^[87] some behaviors considered feminine are biologically influenced.^{[87][88][89][90]} The extent to which femininity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate.^[89][88][90] It is distinct from the definition of the biological female sex,^[91][92] as both men and women can exhibit feminine traits.

The earliest women whose names are known include:

• Neithhotep (c. 3200 BCE), the wife of Narmer and the first queen of ancient Egypt.^[93][94]
• Merneith (c. 3000 BCE), consort and regent of ancient Egypt during the first dynasty. She may have been ruler of Egypt in her own right.^[95][96]
• Peseshet (c. 2600 BCE), a physician in Ancient Egypt.^[97][98]
• Puabi (c. 2600 BCE), or Shubad – queen of Ur whose tomb was discovered with many expensive artifacts. Other known pre-Sargonic queens of Ur (royal wives) include Ashusikildigir, Ninbanda, and Gansamannu.^[99]
• Kugbau (circa 2,500 BCE), a taverness from Kish chosen by the Nippur priesthood to become hegemonic ruler of Sumer, and in later ages deified as "Kubaba".
• Tashlultum (c. 2400 BCE), Akkadian queen, wife of Sargon of Akkad and mother of Enheduanna.^[100][101]
• Baranamtarra (c. 2384 BCE), prominent and influential queen of Lugalanda of Lagash. Other known pre-Sargonic queens of the first Lagash dynasty include Menbara-abzu, Ashume'eren, Ninkhilisug, Dimtur, and Shagshag, and the names of several princesses are also known.
• Enheduanna (c. 2285 BCE),^[102][103] the high priestess of the temple of the Moon God in the Sumerian city-state of Ur and possibly the first known poet and first named author of either gender.^[104]
• Shibtu (c. 1775 BCE), king Zimrilim's consort and queen of the Syrian city-state of Mari. During her husband's absence, she ruled as regent of Mari and enjoyed extensive administrative powers as queen.^[105]

In recent history, gender roles have changed greatly. At some earlier points in history, children's occupational aspirations starting at a young age differed according to gender.^[106] Traditionally, middle class women were involved in domestic tasks emphasizing child care. For poorer women, economic necessity compelled them to seek employment outside the home even if individual poor women may have preferred domestic tasks. Many of the occupations that were available to them were lower in pay than those available to men.^[107]

As changes in the labor market for women came about, availability of employment changed from only "dirty", long hour factory jobs to "cleaner", more respectable office jobs where more education was demanded. Married women's participation in the U.S. labor force rose from 5.6–6% in 1900 to 23.8% in 1923.^[108][109] These shifts in the labor force led to changes in the attitudes towards women at work, allowing for the revolution which resulted in women becoming career and education oriented.^{[citation needed]}

In the 1970s, many female academics, including scientists, avoided having children. Throughout the 1980s, institutions tried to equalize conditions for men and women in the workplace. Even so, the inequalities at home hampered women's opportunities: professional women were still generally considered responsible for domestic labor and child care, which limited the time and energy they could devote to their careers. Until the early 20th century, U.S. women's colleges required their women faculty members to remain single, on the grounds that a woman could not carry on two full-time professions at once. According to Schiebinger, "Being a scientist and a wife and a mother is a burden in society that expects women more often than men to put family ahead of career." (p. 93).^[110]

Movements advocate equality of opportunity for both sexes and equal rights irrespective of gender. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement, in recent decades women in many societies have gained access to careers beyond the traditional homemaker. Despite these advances, modern women in Western society still face challenges in the workplace as well as with the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and motherhood, and others. Sexism can be a main concern and barrier for women almost anywhere, though its forms, perception, and gravity vary between societies and social classes. There has been an increase in the endorsement of egalitarian gender roles in the home by both women and men.^{[111][failed verification]}

Although a greater number of women are seeking higher education, their salaries are often less than those of men. CBS News said in 2005 that in the United States women who are ages 30 to 44 and hold a university degree make 62% of what similarly qualified men do, a lower rate than in all but three of the 19 countries for which numbers are available. Some Western nations with greater inequality in pay are Germany, New Zealand and Switzerland.^[112]

Particular religious doctrines have specific stipulations relating to gender roles, social and private interaction between the sexes, appropriate dressing attire for women, and various other issues affecting women and their position in society. In many countries, these religious teachings influence the criminal law, or the family law of those jurisdictions (see Sharia law, for example). The relation between religion, law and gender equality has been discussed by international organizations.^[113]

The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women defines "violence against women" as:^[114]

any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.

It identifies three forms of such violence: that which occurs in the family, that which occurs within the general community, and that which is perpetrated or condoned by the State. It also states that "violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women".^[115]

Violence against women remains a widespread problem, fueled, especially outside the West, by patriarchal social values, lack of adequate laws, and lack of enforcement of existing laws. Social norms that exist in many parts of the world hinder progress towards protecting women from violence. For example, according to surveys by UNICEF, the percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is as high as 90% in Afghanistan and Jordan, 87% in Mali, 86% in Guinea and Timor-Leste, 81% in Laos, and 80% in the Central African Republic.^[116] A 2010 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that stoning as a punishment for adultery was supported by 82% of respondents in Egypt and Pakistan, 70% in Jordan, 56% Nigeria, and 42% in Indonesia.^[117]

Specific forms of violence that affect women include female genital mutilation, sex trafficking, forced prostitution, forced marriage, rape, sexual harassment, honor killings, acid throwing, and dowry related violence. Governments can be complicit in violence against women, such as when stoning is used as a legal punishment, mostly for women accused of adultery.^[118]

There have also been many forms of violence against women which have been prevalent historically, notably the burning of witches, the sacrifice of widows (such as sati) and foot binding. The prosecution of women accused of witchcraft has a long tradition; for example, during the early modern period (between the 15th and 18th centuries), witch trials were common in Europe and in the European colonies in North America. Today, there remain regions of the world (such as parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, rural North India, and Papua New Guinea) where belief in witchcraft is held by many people, and women accused of being witches are subjected to serious violence.^{[119][120][121]} In addition, there are also countries which have criminal legislation against the practice of witchcraft. In Saudi Arabia, witchcraft remains a crime punishable by death, and in 2011 the country beheaded a woman for 'witchcraft and sorcery'.^[122][123]

It is also the case that certain forms of violence against women have been recognized as criminal offences only during recent decades, and are not universally prohibited, in that many countries continue to allow them. This is especially the case with marital rape.^[124][125] In the Western World, there has been a trend towards ensuring gender equality within marriage and prosecuting domestic violence, but in many parts of the world women still lose significant legal rights when entering a marriage.^[126]

Sexual violence against women greatly increases during times of war and armed conflict, during military occupation, or ethnic conflicts; most often in the form of war rape and sexual slavery. Contemporary examples of sexual violence during war include rape during the Armenian Genocide, rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War, rape in the Bosnian War, rape during the Rwandan genocide, and rape during Second Congo War. In Colombia, the armed conflict has also resulted in increased sexual violence against women.^[127] The most recent case was the sexual jihad done by ISIL where 5000–7000 Yazidi and Christian girls and children were sold into sexual slavery during the genocide and rape of Yazidi and Christian women, some of whom jumped to their death from Mount Sinjar, as described in a witness statement.^[128]

Laws and policies on violence against women vary by jurisdiction. In the European Union, sexual harassment and human trafficking are subject to directives.^[129][130]

Women in different parts of the world dress in different ways, with their choices of clothing being influenced by local culture, religious tenets, traditions, social norms, and fashion trends, among other factors. Different societies have different ideas about modesty.

In many jurisdictions, laws limit what women may or may not wear. This is especially the case in regard to Islamic dress. While certain jurisdictions legally mandate such clothing (the wearing of the headscarf), other countries forbid or restrict the wearing of certain hijab attire (such as burqa/covering the face) in public places (one such country is France – see French ban on face covering). These laws – both those mandating and those prohibiting certain articles of dress – are highly controversial.^[131]

The total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime – differs significantly between different regions of the world. In 2016, the highest estimated TFR was in Niger (6.62 children born per woman) and the lowest in Singapore (0.82 children/woman).^[133] While most Sub-Saharan African countries have a high TFR, which creates problems due to lack of resources and contributes to overpopulation, most Western countries currently experience a sub replacement fertility rate which may lead to population ageing and population decline.

In many parts of the world, there has been a change in family structure over the past few decades. For instance, in the West, there has been a trend of moving away from living arrangements that include the extended family to those which only consist of the nuclear family. There has also been a trend to move from marital fertility to non-marital fertility. Children born outside marriage may be born to cohabiting couples or to single women. While births outside marriage are common and fully accepted in some parts of the world, in other places they are highly stigmatized, with unmarried mothers facing ostracism, including violence from family members, and in extreme cases even honor killings.^[134][135] In addition, sex outside marriage remains illegal in many countries (such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,^[136] Afghanistan,^[137][138] Iran,^[138] Kuwait,^[139] Maldives,^[140] Morocco,^[141] Oman,^[142] Mauritania,^[143] United Arab Emirates,^[144][145] Sudan,^[146] and Yemen^[147]).

The social role of the mother differs between cultures. In many parts of the world, women with dependent children are expected to stay at home and dedicate all their energy to child raising, while in other places mothers most often return to paid work (see working mother and stay-at-home mother).

Single-sex education has traditionally been dominant and is still highly relevant. Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender, is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries. In some Western countries, women have surpassed men at many levels of education. For example, in the United States in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates.^[148][149]

The educational gender gap in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries has been reduced over the last 30 years. Younger women today are far more likely to have completed a tertiary qualification: in 19 of the 30 OECD countries, more than twice as many women aged 25 to 34 have completed tertiary education than have women aged 55 to 64. In 21 of 27 OECD countries with comparable data, the number of women graduating from university-level programmes is equal to or exceeds that of men. 15-year-old girls tend to show much higher expectations for their careers than boys of the same age.^[150] While women account for more than half of university graduates in several OECD countries, they receive only 30% of tertiary degrees granted in science and engineering fields, and women account for only 25% to 35% of researchers in most OECD countries.^[151]

Research shows that while women are studying at prestigious universities at the same rate as men they are not being given the same chance to join the faculty. Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman has observed that the more prestigious an institute is, the more difficult and time-consuming it will be for women to obtain a faculty position there. In 1989, Harvard University tenured its first woman in chemistry, Cynthia Friend, and in 1992 its first woman in physics, Melissa Franklin. She also observed that women were more likely to hold their first professional positions as instructors and lecturers while men are more likely to work first in tenure positions. According to Smith and Tang, as of 1989, 65% of men and only 40% of women held tenured positions and only 29% of all scientists and engineers employed as assistant professors in four-year colleges and universities were women.^[152]

In 1992, women earned 9% of the PhDs awarded in engineering, but only one percent of those women became professors. In 1995, 11% of professors in science and engineering were women. In relation, only 311 deans of engineering schools were women, which is less than 1% of the total. Even in psychology, a degree in which women earn the majority of PhDs, they hold a significant amount of fewer tenured positions, roughly 19% in 1994.^[153]

World literacy is lower for women than for men. In 2020, 87% of the world's women were literate, compared to 90% of men. But sub-Saharan Africa and southwest Asia lagged behind the rest of the world; only 59% of women in sub-Saharan Africa were literate.^[154]

Women are underrepresented in government in most countries. In January 2019, the global average of women in national assemblies was 24.3%.^[155]

Suffrage is the civil right to vote, and women's suffrage movements have a long historic timeline. For example, women's suffrage in the United States was achieved gradually, first at state and local levels in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, then in 1920 when women in the US received universal suffrage with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Some Western countries were slow to allow women to vote, notably Switzerland, where women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971, and in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden women were granted the right to vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was forced to do so by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland;^[156][157] and Liechtenstein, in 1984, through a women's suffrage referendum.

Women have, throughout history, made contributions to science, literature and art.

One area where women have been permitted most access historically was that of obstetrics and gynecology (prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was undertaken by women; from the mid 18th century onwards, medical monitoring of pregnant women started to require rigorous formal education, to which women did not generally have access, and thus the practice was largely transferred to men).^[159][160]

Writing was generally also considered acceptable for upper-class women, although achieving success as a female writer in a male-dominated world could be very difficult; as a result of several women writers adopted a male pen name (e.g. George Sand, George Eliot).^[161]

Women have been composers, songwriters, instrumental performers, singers, conductors, music scholars, music educators, music critics/music journalists and other musical professions. There are music movements,^{[clarification needed]} events and genres related to women, women's issues and feminism.^{[citation needed]} In the 2010s, while women comprise a significant proportion of popular music and classical music singers, and a significant proportion of songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters), there are few women record producers, rock critics and rock instrumentalists. Although there have been a huge number of women composers in classical music, from the Medieval period to the present day, women composers are significantly underrepresented in the commonly performed classical music repertoire, music history textbooks and music encyclopedias; for example, in the Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann is one of the only female composers who is mentioned.

Women comprise a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing. A 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras, however, indicated that 84% of the soloists with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra were men. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the top-ranked Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Women are less common as instrumental players in popular music genres such as rock and heavy metal, although there have been a number of notable female instrumentalists and all-female bands. Women are particularly underrepresented in extreme metal genres.^[162] Women are also underrepresented in orchestral conducting, music criticism/music journalism, music producing, and sound engineering. While women were discouraged from composing in the 19th century, and there are few women musicologists, women became involved in music education "... to such a degree that women dominated [this field] during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century."^[163]

According to Jessica Duchen, a music writer for London's The Independent, women musicians in classical music are "... too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent" and they face pressure "... to look sexy onstage and in photos."^[164] Duchen states that while "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks, ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."^[164]

According to the UK's Radio 3 editor, Edwina Wolstencroft, the classical music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, but women are much less likely to have positions of authority, such as being the leader of an orchestra.^[165] In popular music, while there are many women singers recording songs, there are very few women behind the audio console acting as music producers, the individuals who direct and manage the recording process.^[166]

The glyph (♀) for the planet and Roman goddess Venus, or Aphrodite in Greek, is the symbol used in biology for the female sex.^{[167][168][169]} In ancient alchemy, the Venus symbol stood for copper and was associated with femininity.^[169]